Management & it's Features

                                                          MANAGEMENT

Management is a vague word which can't be explained and understood only by it's general meaning.It is an academic discipline , a social science whose concepts and principles come from different fields such as economics , sociology , psychology etc.  and it is being used in different context by each group or field.Thus ,it becomes difficult to define management in a comprehensive way, taking all the points of view together.However,based on different views and suggestions from top management experts and scientists,it has become possible to define management to some extent.In the present context,the term management is used in 3 alternative ways :

1.   Management as a discipline
2.   Management as a group of people , and
3.   Management as a process.

                                                     Management can be defined as art of getting things done by others, which is the application of knowledge i.e science.Hence,management is science and art both . It can also be defined as a function that coordinates the efforts of different people working in an organization to achieve a common objective, using the available resources efficiently and effectively.Sometimes,we can also define management in the context that "what a person wants to do" and "how he carries out the work" through the best alternative way, so that the objective is fulfilled.However,above all these definitions,the one which fits the best and prevails among social as well as organizational level is that , "Management is a process of planning,staffing,organizing,directing and controlling "

                                                FEATURES  OF  MANAGEMENT

There are different basic features of management which are very necessary for the sound development and the growth of the organization and are mandatory to be applied to obtain the central objective of the organization and hence, lead the organization to the top.These features of management are as follows : -

• Organized activities :                                                                                                                       Management is a process of organized activities. Wherever a group of people are indulged in working together to pursue a central objective , there comes management into existence.Without organized activities , groups of people can't be involved in the performance of any kind of activities.The central objective of the organization is achieved through the organized activities.
• Well-defined objective :                                                                                                                    It is the basic criteria of any organization.Every organization has a predetermined objective to achieve and without a central objective,an organization can't run.The objective is fulfilled  through the coordinated efforts of people constituting an organization.People from different departments have different goals but a common objective to achieve.
• Relationship among resources :                                                                                                       Resources include 3-M factor : man,materials and machines.Also,money is an important factor.Integration of these resources is essential  to obtain the output ,hence, increase the productivity and accomplish the objective.Humans are the one who use all these resources,so management is concerned with the proper utilization of human resources which,in turn,utilize other resources.
• Working with and through people :                                                                                                 Working with people means making the sub-ordinates feel happy,comfortable and friendly so that every individual gives his best and working through people means assigning the activities to sub-ordinates.Management uses team work,hence,inhibits sense of harmony among people and get the objectives of organization fulfilled through the coordinated efforts of people working in an organization.
• Decision making :                                                                                                                            It is the most important and crucial feature of management.It is done at various levels for getting the things done. The success or the failure of organization depends upon the kind of decision taken.Decision making involves selection of the most appropriate alternative to maximize the profit by minimizing cost and the use of resources.

Management information system (MIS) , Types of MIS & It's different objectives.

The word MIS  stands for "Management Information System" . It has 3 keywords,namely,'Management' , 'Information'  and  'system' .It means the interaction between human and the computer to collect,store and use the acquired data for effective and efficient planning which helps in accomplishing the central objective of the organization.These data are used for developing the information which helps in effective decision making.Management information system is mainly concerned with the different levels of management which helps in maintaining the good will and  the sound growth of the organization.In short,we can  say that management information system is the management of information systems which are required in an organization to manage it's functioning. 
                                                           Based on the functioning of different levels of management,the management information system is of vivid nature and can be broadly classified into 4 sub-categories.These are as follows:

• Decision support system (DSS):- It is used by the top level of management for taking strategic decisions,which are long term decisions.The top level management includes board of directors,chairman,chief executive etc.The decisions made are often called unstructured or semi-structured decisions.
• Executive information system (EIS) :- It is used by middle level of management for taking tactical decisions,which are short term decisions.The middle level management includes deputy managers,head of departments etc.
• Transaction processing system (TPS) :- It is used by shop floor level or the lower level of management  for dealing with day to day activities which aims at improving the routine business activities.The lower level includes senior supervisors,intermediate supervisors etc.
• Office automation system (OAS) :- It is also known as operating level and is mainly used by office staffs,clerks etc. which helps in increasing the efficiency and productivity of office workers,staffs etc.It is the newest and most rapidly expanding computer based information system.                                                                                                                                                                                     Management information system can also be explained with the help of pyramidal structure as drawn below:                                                                                                                                          
  
                                                                                                                                                                                               Objectives of Management information systems:-                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Management information system uses the information which is timely,accurate,complete in all respects and is practically applicable.There are several objectives of management information system which play a crucial role in decision making.These objectives are as follows:-
• The most dominating objective is providing the right information, at the right place,to the right person in order to make the most appropriate selection for effective decision making.
• It provides tools for planning and controlling which helps in optimizing and enhancing the growth of organization in the best effective manner.
• It provides useful information for controlling and coordinating the activities of the organization to maintain the pace with market strategy , updated technology etc. which leads the organization to the top.
• It records,stores and retrieves information for proper functioning of organization which helps in accounting , controlling and managing functions of the organization and hence,promotes the growth of the organization.